The impact of multimodal pore size considered independently from porosity on mechanical performance and osteogenic behaviour of titanium scaffolds

Titanium porous scaffolds comprising multimodal pore ranges (i.e., uni-, bi-, tri-modal and random) were studied to evaluate the effect of size on osteoblastogenesis. The manufactured using spaceholder-powder metallurgy, porosity kept independent. Their mechanical physical properties stiffness, strength, total open porosity) determined. In a first step, unimodal samples tested with mouse osteoblastic clonal cell line ascertain effects cellular behaviour. proliferation (via number protein content), differentiation ALP enzyme levels) maturation potency (with gene markers (Runx2, osteocalcin) cytoplasmatic calcium) investigated. second step informed by previous results, shortlisted according set criteria that included stiffness similar cortical or trabecular bone, high strength porosity. bioactivity performance was then assess benefits mixing different ranges. study concludes pre-osteoblasts cultivated in microstructures range 106–212 ?m 36% (actual) 300–500 55% achieved largest extent maturation. Bimodal small (106–212 ?m) large (300–500 ranges, distinctively distributed within volume, 40% outperformed others, including (i.e. three more ranges) non-porous samples. They displayed synergistic over distributions. This should be consideration design for implantation bioengineering applications.